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  • A Thousand Brains: A New Theory of Intelligence
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A Thousand Brains: A New Theory of Intelligence

A Thousand Brains: A New Theory of Intelligence

byJeff Hawkins
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Top positive review

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G. Leonard Baker, Jr.
5.0 out of 5 starsNew insights on human cognition and antificial intelligence
Reviewed in the United States on March 22, 2021
Jeff Hawkins's book is really three books.
The first is a history of his lifelong quest to understand how the brain and human cognition work. He spent years failing to find an academic discipline that could contain his ideas. He finally gave up, founded two successful computer companies, got rich, and founded Numenta, his private research project.
The second is about how the neocortex creates general intelligence, which he defines as the ability to create a constantly updating model of the world. Billions of neurons form trillions of connections that combine into patterns that represent fragments of reality that then "vote" to form an overall picture.
The third is a non-mainstream discourse on artificial intelligence. General intelligence, which is in our future, is completely different from today's narrow-purpose AI, which cannot create a constantly evolving world model. Machines, he says, can be "conscious" without having emotions unless we so imbue them, and thus, need be neither moral agents nor necessary threats to humanity. However, machines are perhaps the evolutionary successor to humans, something that Jeff regards as good because they could preserve human knowledge without the archaic limits of the body.
This book is the successor to the 2004 book ON INTELLIGENCE, which taught me more about human cognition than anything else I've read, including Kahneman and Tversky. Both books treat deeply technical subjects in a highly readable way.
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Top critical review

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BruceK
1.0 out of 5 starsBasically Interesting, Incoherent Intelligence, maybe demented ... what the heck is this book?
Reviewed in the United States on March 14, 2021
This subject is so interesting to me that I bought Jeff Hawkins' first book, and now I find I've sprung for his second book.

The first part of it is interesting. A rather long read, but interesting and entertaining; logical, but not really much progress in figuring out how the brain works since the first book, "On Intelligence". This book just has the feel of a scam to prey on people who want to know more about the brain, intelligence. Hawkins gives us I guess the parts he thinks he wants to tell regular people about, since these concepts if they are real are worth lots of money, so it's like we get a small smattering of a few definitions ... not a lot of meat. ( my apologies to vegans )

The problem is the whole book taken together, after the Thousand Brains part, is semi-incoherent in direction or purpose.

First he talks about the brain, and the neocortical columns ... not very much there but a dictionary-like definition. Then he says that there are 150,000 of them and that is where the Thousand Brains theory comes into play, which is really a clever branding, not so much a theory, at least one developed very far here.

Then Hawkins jumps into talking about how today's AI has problems, which we all know. But he goes on then to pat himself on the back for Palm, which I am sure made tons of money but to me anyway was a rotten product as ahead of its time as to be almost useless, but popular and useful for some people and marketed well. Then he talks about how his Palm IP and device-centric theories, that he seems to want to associate himself with the iPhone and like devices, which he did not really make. Maybe there are some Palm pieces in the iPhone, or Palm lawsuits, I don't know? But because he was a visionary, he then goes on to imply that he is right again about some new kind of AI that he cannot even describe, except that it is better than neural nets. Neural nets which cannot learn. I agree with a lot of his assessments that AI is not all it is cracked up to be. Some good points about humans not really being intelligent ... since we are too stupid to do anything about the fact that we know we are killing ourselves. What is intelligence? He fails to ask or answer that question.

I don't know if I want my car to be learning, or conscious, or anything else, acting independently or perhaps making a mistake - as is the primary way humans seem to learn. I don't like it, I don't want it, I don't need it. I don't much like the AI stuff we have today, or at least the way it is used against us, but I sure as hell do not want something with a brain inside the devices I use. But Hawkins does not speculate much or sensibly on that, which could be interesting and I am sure he has some ideas about.

Instead he goes on to talk about the fate of humanity in infinite time, preserving intelligence by space devices - like shades that send Morse code to other astronomical civilization that might be looking at the stars in their skies. This is so off the wall and outside the subject matter it really had me questioning Hawkin's sanity or mental integrity. These ideas and speculations were not even very good in that they are common ideas as far back as the first Cosmos series or before. Filler in an already thin on real facts book.

I can't say I really regret getting the book, but that doesn't mean I have to think it is great, or be uncritical. Aside from about 1/10th of the book most of it was useless and a waste of time. Sorry if that is harsh - but you took my money for this.

3/10 or 1/5 if I have to.
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BruceK
1.0 out of 5 stars Basically Interesting, Incoherent Intelligence, maybe demented ... what the heck is this book?
Reviewed in the United States on March 14, 2021
Verified Purchase
This subject is so interesting to me that I bought Jeff Hawkins' first book, and now I find I've sprung for his second book.

The first part of it is interesting. A rather long read, but interesting and entertaining; logical, but not really much progress in figuring out how the brain works since the first book, "On Intelligence". This book just has the feel of a scam to prey on people who want to know more about the brain, intelligence. Hawkins gives us I guess the parts he thinks he wants to tell regular people about, since these concepts if they are real are worth lots of money, so it's like we get a small smattering of a few definitions ... not a lot of meat. ( my apologies to vegans )

The problem is the whole book taken together, after the Thousand Brains part, is semi-incoherent in direction or purpose.

First he talks about the brain, and the neocortical columns ... not very much there but a dictionary-like definition. Then he says that there are 150,000 of them and that is where the Thousand Brains theory comes into play, which is really a clever branding, not so much a theory, at least one developed very far here.

Then Hawkins jumps into talking about how today's AI has problems, which we all know. But he goes on then to pat himself on the back for Palm, which I am sure made tons of money but to me anyway was a rotten product as ahead of its time as to be almost useless, but popular and useful for some people and marketed well. Then he talks about how his Palm IP and device-centric theories, that he seems to want to associate himself with the iPhone and like devices, which he did not really make. Maybe there are some Palm pieces in the iPhone, or Palm lawsuits, I don't know? But because he was a visionary, he then goes on to imply that he is right again about some new kind of AI that he cannot even describe, except that it is better than neural nets. Neural nets which cannot learn. I agree with a lot of his assessments that AI is not all it is cracked up to be. Some good points about humans not really being intelligent ... since we are too stupid to do anything about the fact that we know we are killing ourselves. What is intelligence? He fails to ask or answer that question.

I don't know if I want my car to be learning, or conscious, or anything else, acting independently or perhaps making a mistake - as is the primary way humans seem to learn. I don't like it, I don't want it, I don't need it. I don't much like the AI stuff we have today, or at least the way it is used against us, but I sure as hell do not want something with a brain inside the devices I use. But Hawkins does not speculate much or sensibly on that, which could be interesting and I am sure he has some ideas about.

Instead he goes on to talk about the fate of humanity in infinite time, preserving intelligence by space devices - like shades that send Morse code to other astronomical civilization that might be looking at the stars in their skies. This is so off the wall and outside the subject matter it really had me questioning Hawkin's sanity or mental integrity. These ideas and speculations were not even very good in that they are common ideas as far back as the first Cosmos series or before. Filler in an already thin on real facts book.

I can't say I really regret getting the book, but that doesn't mean I have to think it is great, or be uncritical. Aside from about 1/10th of the book most of it was useless and a waste of time. Sorry if that is harsh - but you took my money for this.

3/10 or 1/5 if I have to.
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Rob Vermiller
1.0 out of 5 stars Not as good as On Intelligence
Reviewed in the United States on March 13, 2021
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I bought this book expecting great things: an independent perspective and a stimulating review of the latest thinking in cognitive science. Unfortunately, this new book offers little that wasn't already well-written in his previous work.

That book, On Intelligence, was a bible of sorts for those of us who take seriously the symbolic nature of mental processing. Ideas like "the way the cortex processes signals from the ear is the same as the way it processes signals from the eyes" and that "memory recall almost always follows a pathway of association." "The cortex," he previously wrote, "creates what are called invariant representations, which handle variations in the world automatically" and "directs behavior to satisfy its predictions." "Perception and behavior are almost one and the same."

While not all originally Hawkins' ideas, he presented a compelling narrative in his previous book. "As long as we can decipher the neocortical algorithm and come up with a science of patterns," he wrote, "we can apply it to any system that we want to make intelligent."

Exciting stuff! I was hoping to be equally inspired by this new work. Unfortunately, while competently written, it left me wanting more.
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Philip Trubey
3.0 out of 5 stars Why did the author write this book?
Reviewed in the United States on March 22, 2021
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Having followed Numenta ever since it started, and having read Jeff's previous book, On Intelligence, I was really looking forward to this book. Numenta, Jeff's AI company, is a rarity in the AI world in that it researches Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), using brain inspired designs which allow for continuous learning. Very few people do any one of these things, let alone all three, and like Jeff, I also believe this is the best path toward true artificial intelligence.

So given my predisposition to like this book, I was disappointed.

It starts out fine giving the reader a general (non-technical) overview of Numenta's current theorizing about how the brain works. This takes about 100 pages. If the book had then dug deeper into what Numenta is working on based on these theories, I would have been thrilled, but instead the second half or more of the book was basically a polemic.

For no reason that I can tell, other than to tell the world what he really thinks of (in his eyes) dumb people, Jeff starts chapter 12, "False Beliefs" attacking certain political and religious beliefs. It's at this point where you sense a distinct haughty academic intellectual vibe and unfortunately it submarines Jeff's more serious contributions. It's unfortunate since the same points could have been made without attacking certain current beliefs. You get a sense that is exactly what Jeff wanted to do though, hence my calling this part of the book a polemic.

In the last half of the book, Jeff engages in full on speculation about machine intelligence, human society's reaction to it, extensive human genetic modifications, and planning for a future when humans are extinct. Which is fine, but I'm not sure this material co-exists with a book that details a theory of how human brains work.

In the end we are left with a book that only gives a surface treatment of Numenta's work, which then heads off on various futurism tangents, and in the process managing to insult and horrify a majority of humans should they read this, which, thankfully for everyone concerned, is unlikely.
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D. Evans
2.0 out of 5 stars A rambling, hand-waving letdown after "On Intelligence"
Reviewed in the United States on April 16, 2021
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A direct quote from the "Suggested Readings" section of the Appendix to Thousand Brain:
"This book provides a high-level description of the Thousand Brains Theory, but it does not go into many details."

This is a massive understatement, as this book is nearly devoid of useful details and clear explanations around its title theory. Only 1/3 of the book is spent on the brain, and that chapter is fairly weak and insubstantial. This rest of the book reads like a senior dissertation on Humans+AI cobbled together by a sleep deprived college student who skimmed On Intelligence (Hawkins), The Selfish Gene (Dawkins), Superintelligence (Bostrom), and far too many TED talks. It is a barely coherent rambling collection of loosely affiliated and under-supported idea explorations about the what intelligence really is and means and how we talking apes with computers should think about thinking.

I pre-ordered this book because I *loved* Hawkin's last book, "On Intelligence". His previous work was wonderful: it married biology to insight, research to understanding. It was shockingly coherent and understandable, insightful and useful, efficient and focused.

"On Intelligence" was written with a prose that read like an explanation only a world-class teacher gives, one that has been honed by years of bringing complex topics to a lay but interested audience, learning what is sticky and sufficient, and what details to skip as confusing. I read the last Hawkins book in a fever, and then reread it, elated at the logical and simple clarity it conveyed about the neocortex, moving from structure to operation to how we see the world itself. It wasn't fundamentally life-changing, but it left a serious impact on my self-awareness.

"Thousand Brains" is the inverse, a massive letdown as a follow-up sequel. In stark contrast, TB claims to be grounded in science but barely presents any. It is repetitive and droning, its analogies are ambiguous, its conclusions are tepid but confident, its topics are sprawling, and its utility is thin. The text is largely composed of tautologies and abstractions that leave the reader with a collection of partial explanations for the scientismic claims he makes.

The majority of this book is a series of hypothetical explorations on topics that are vaguely intelligence/AI/knowledge based, but that read like the philosophizing of nerds coming off their first bong hits. There is no data, no science, no expertise, no crystalline logic, no careful explanation and understanding. Just hand waving diatribes about how to manage robots and populating other planets and copying brains into computers and how we're just the slave of our DNA, but, like, only for now maaaaaaan.

To be charitable, I am still giving this book 2 stars. The topics are important and the ideas have some utility, it was a nominally stimulating read even if the content is not what was expected or sold. Plus the book is not without its transferrable insights. For instance I think I came away with only one, single clear explanation from this book.

Hawkins believes the neocortex is expresses intelligence as a raw and unshaped cognitive potency, thinking without intrinsic motivation or direction. Human brains have other "old brain" parts that create motivations and urges in our base selves, which harness the cortex to do animalistic things. [So far we are squarely in a familiar trope: Freudian id <-> superego, 3-brain theory and the lizard/reptilian brain, etc.] So it's the old brain than uses the new brain to do great and terrible things.

But what about AI!? If we create actual artificial intelligence (not the current stuff, thats not real AI to Hawkins, we're talking hypotheticals in this book) then it too will be formless capability until we give it purpose. So don't worry about our new robot overlords, they won't want to take over the planet unless we tell them too! Oh, by the way reader, please strive not to tell the robots to take over the planet. I shall spend 20 pages on this topic just to drive it home.

And that's as good as this book got.

1.7/5 stars.
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Teed Rockwell
3.0 out of 5 stars Skip the last five chapters
Reviewed in the United States on May 5, 2021
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At the end of the book, Hawkins admits that there were times when he felt he should have stopped before writing the last five chapters. He was right. The first part of the book is a fascinating description of his unique and important work that profoundly synthesizes AI and neuroscience, which I think points the direction for the future of the science of mind. The last five chapters contain bizarre speculations about life on other planets, the future of humanity, consciousness etc. which are kind of fun, but not really well grounded in anything but the author's imagination. Read them if you don't have anything else pressing at the moment, and you might enjoy them, but focus on the rest of the book if you are really interested in the philosophy and science of mind.
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Peter Rogers MD
3.0 out of 5 stars Platonism for programmers?
Reviewed in the United States on April 3, 2021
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Reference frames are like Plato's forms.

Saying that humans think in terms of reference frames is like Aristotle saying, "When we think, we speculate in pictures"; seems likely given that animals can think without words.

Jeff Hawkins might be right about his "thousand brain" concept of cortical columns having their own reference frames. I'm a neuroradiologist, and I see lots of strokes, and small vessel atherosclerosis (periventricular and subcortical FLAIR hyperintensities), but the patient is still able to "function."

If the traditional, hierarchical-localized function of brain regions concept was correct, these patients would be more debilitated.

Jeff Hawkins explanation of how the "1,000 brain theory" correlates with the memory loci technique was good.

If you want to better understand the brain, this book is worth reading.
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Humanoid
1.0 out of 5 stars Vague stay away if you are familiar with basics
Reviewed in the United States on April 17, 2021
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Vague theory descriptions without much details. Says go refer papers. So consider this book as a motivational rather than book with substance. Amplified by the fact that there are 100 pages of description of theory with vague analogies, and the 150 pages of how it might impact future of whole humanity. Looking like perfect case of putting cart before the horse and intellectual land grab without much contribution.
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A. Reader
2.0 out of 5 stars A Thousand pains
Reviewed in the United States on May 27, 2021
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Summary:
Part One: how intelligence is structured within the neocortex...NOT. No explanation of how intelligence is “created” in the brain as more than neural connections. NO ONE has yet adequately explained how the brain actually works and especially how consciousness arises from meat. I am a deterministic materialist and I’m still waiting...
Part Two: AI is a possible threat, no it isn’t, yes, it could be, probably isn’t, on the other hand...
Part Three: la la land

Disappointing read which I began skimming starting at around page 100.
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Amazon Customer
1.0 out of 5 stars Off the rails social commentary
Reviewed in the United States on August 1, 2021
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As a practicing Data Scientist, and 30 year closet brain scientist, I bought this book with great anticipation. Part 1, the first 112 pages, presented an interesting view of brain biology. Things went straight down hill from there. No useful information on neural network developments in computer science.

Then, as other reviewers commented, this book goes straight off the rails in unrelated social commentary: with a very thinly vailed attacks on Christian beliefs, assertion Flat Earth theory is very useful, and a diatribe on the current vaccine "debate".

Save your money and time and leave this book on the shelf.
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ze yuan Xu
2.0 out of 5 stars Overwhelmingly vague and imprecise, despite a simple overall observation
Reviewed in the United States on August 12, 2021
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I opened this book with lots of hope to learn something that can give me new insights into designing AI agents that might better reach human-level intelligence--which is a part of this book's goal. However, when talking about AI, the author's mapping from his brain theory to AI is just too simplistic and he seems to lack understanding about state-of-art machine learning algorithms.

He claimed that his "thousand brain theory" solved the knowledge representation problem, without being specific about how...also the frame of reference is too vague a concept in this book (he uses so many different examples to talk about it, some can just be termed 'context' and some 'coordinates'). He gives some basic explanations that could be amount to geometric priors in current geometric deep learning (well, if that's the case then we already have machines that possess multiple frames of references...), also lots of the concepts he used already have implementations in current AI (RL for dynamic systems, ensemble for voting, augmentation for input change, geometric priors for frame of references, etc.) Overall I think this book should really be a much shorter pamphlet, and maybe I should just go read the papers.

Overall the most important points I get are that
-brain is universal learning mechanism, and AI must follow brain science.
- different cognition tasks share the same learning structure.
-there are lots of complete representation systems in brain that end up with some voting mechanisms

All of the above are currently being followed by AI researchers! so I don't see any paradigm shift going on.

Also deep learning is largely about automatic representation learning, but the author omits this point completely in many places of the book! Geometric deep learning comes out years ago, and this book seem to be completely ignorant of that too.

and there are NO citations when some important claims are made!
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